The ViCTE Newsletter
Helps professionals keep and improve their English through the Internet since February 2009: Study Technical English and get information about new technologies. |
Number 36 January 2012
Editorial
Despite the English language comprises12 tenses, only several of them are frequently used, especially in technical English. The brief review of English tenses you can find in Conjugate verbs at my new blog Technical English Remarks.
In technical English texts the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses are vastly applied. That’s why the following Technical English Exercises are devoted to these tenses. The first two exercises are built on the base of the technical text Search engine – essential information. The last exercise uses a technical text International markets, which is topically closed to the main text, i.e. to the just mentioned technical text from Why Technical English.
Just for reminding all tenses in English the table with them is repeatedly placed here, too. See it carefully.
| Tenses | Aux. verb | Past | Present | Future |
| Simple | „to do“ | Ques.& negative: did + infinitive without „to“ | Ques.& negative: do, does + infinitive without „to“ | will + infinitive without „to“ |
| Continuous | „to be“ | was, were + “ing“ | am, are, it + “ing“ | will be + “ing“ |
| Perfect | „to have“ | had + past participle | have, has + past participle | will have + past participle |
| Perfect Continuous | „to have been“ | had been + “ing“ | have been, has been + “ing“ | will have been + “ing“ |
In Exercise 1 your are given infinitives of propre verbs and your task is to use the Simple Present or Simple Past for the verb. In Exercise 2 you should make questions, using appropriate auxiliary verbs if necessary. Refresh in your memory, how English question sentences are built visiting Number 18 – Use RULE 1-2-3 for questions / March 2010. Exercise 3 gives you the opportunity to choose appropriate verbs in the Present Simple or Past Simple tenses from the table below the title of the text and put them in the right place.
Compare your solutions with keys in Keys to Internet English. Technical terms and expressions, possible abbreviations connected with both mentioned texts could be found in the enclosed technical English vocabulary, i.e. Internet English Vocabulary.
Technical English Exercises
Exercise 1 Put verbs in brackets at the end of each sentence into correct tense:
- Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) ▪▪▪ to maximize profitable traffic from search engines to websites. (to aim)
- Graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, ▪▪▪ a mathematical algorithm for a search engine to rate the prominence of web pages. (to develop)
- PageRank ▪▪▪ the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly ▪▪▪ the web. (to estimate, to surf)
- Page and Brin ▪▪▪ Google using the developed algorithm for searching in 1998. (to found)
- Google ▪▪▪ immediately the growing number of Internet users due to its simple design. (to attract)
- Many sites ▪▪▪ on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. (to focus)
- In 2007, Google ▪▪▪ a campaign against paid links that transfer PageRank. (to annonce)
- Adding relevant keywords to a web page meta data ▪▪▪ to increase traffic to the page. (to tend)
Exercise 2 Make questions beginning with given expressions in bold:
- The success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search. WHAT … BY?
- Search engines with more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors have been evolved. WHAT ALGORITHM …WITH?
- The number calculated by the algorithm, has been named PageRank after Larry Page. WHO … AFTER?
- In Google off-page factors as well as on-page factors are considered. WHAT FACTORS …?
- Webmasters had developed link building tools to influence search engine results. WHAT TOOLS …?
- Google Instant, real-time-search, was introduced in late 2009 in an attempt to make search results more timely and relevant. WHEN …?
- Site administrators have spent months or even years optimizing a website to increase search rankings. HOW MUCH TIME …?
- A variety of methods can increase the prominence of a webpage within the search results. CAN …?
- Cross linking between pages of the same website or blog may improve its visibility. MAY …?
- Updating content keeping search engines crawling back frequently can give additional weight to a site. CAN …?
Exercise 3 Put verbs in the table below into an appropriate place:
International markets
| held – vary – provides – remains – represented – may require – is lagging |
Optimisation techniques are highly tuned to the dominant search engines in the target market. The search engines market shares … (1) … from market to market, as does competition. In 2003 Google … (2) … about 75% of all searches. In markets outside the United States, Google’s share is often larger, and Google … (3) … the dominant search engine worldwide as of 2007. As of 2006, Google … (4) … an 85-90% market share in Germany. While there were hundreds of SEO firms in the US at that time, there were only about five in Germany. As of June 2008, the marketshare of Google in the UK was close to 90%. That market share is achieved in a number of countries.
As of 2009, there are only a few large markets where Google is not the leading search engine. In most cases, when Google is not leading in a given market, it … (5) … behind a local player. The most notable markets where this is the case are China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the Czech Republic where respectively Baidu, Yahoo! Japan, Naver, Yandex and Seznam are market leaders.
Successful search optimization for international markets … (6) … professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that … (7) … a local IP address. Otherwise, the fundamental elements of search optimisation are essentially the same, regardless of language.
In conclusion I highly recommend looking through the quiz Present Simple (total number of sentences makes 16). It will help you better remember peculiarities of this tense.
GOOD LUCK !
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technical texts in english
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